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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Preliminary Material
Dedication
About the Authors
Table of Contents
Guidance on Citations
Preface
Introduction
Main Text
Part I Assessment and Pre-Investment Management of Political Risk
Ch.1 Political Risk
A Risk and Investment
B Political Risk and Property Rights
C Types of Political Risk
1 Expropriation, Nationalization, and Confiscation
2 Regulatory Interference
3 Currency Risk
4 Civil Disturbance
5 Breach of State Contracts
6 Corruption
7 Trade Restrictions
D Measuring Political Risk
Ch.2 Structuring Transactions to Minimize Political Risk
A Project Types
1 Petroleum Arrangements
a Concession Agreement
b Production Sharing Agreement
c Participation Agreement
d Service Contract
2 Infrastructure Projects
3 Other Arrangements Between Investors and States
B Transaction Structures
1 Structures Prior to Investing
2 Modification of Structures When Interference is Threatened
C Investor-State Contracts in General
D Core State Contract Clauses Affecting Political Risk
1 Arbitration Clause
2 Choice of Law Clause
3 Stabilization Clause
a Types of Stabilization Clauses
b Examples of Stabilization Clauses
c Validity of Stabilization Clauses
4 Force Majeure Clause
E Clauses for Guidance of Courts and Tribunals
1 Damages Clause
2 Interest Rate Clause
3 Local Remedies Clause
4 Waiver of Sovereign Immunity
F Other Useful Contractual Provisions
1 Conversion of Currency Clause
2 Payment of Currency to Offshore Account (Service and Technical Assistance Contracts)
3 Binding the State as a Party to the Contract
Ch.3 Investment Insurance
A OPIC
1 Background
2 Risks Covered by OPIC Insurance
a Currency Inconvertibility
b Expropriation
c Political Violence
d Stand-Alone Terrorism Insurance
e Arbitration Award Default Coverage
f Specialized Insurance
g Contractors and Exporters
3 Eligibility For OPIC Insurance
a Eligible Investors
b Eligible Projects
c Eligible Countries
d Political Considerations
4 Terms
a Duration
b Cost
c Insurance Limits
d Coverage Multiples and Amount of Insurance
e Application
B Other National Insurance Programs
1 Japan: NEXI
a Overseas Investment Insurance
b Export Credit Insurance
c Overseas Untied Loan Insurance
d Export Bill Insurance
e Prepayment Import Insurance
f Other
2 Germany: Deutsche Revision
3 Australia: Export Finance and Insurance Corporation
4 Other Countries
C MIGA
1 Background
2 Risks Covered by MIGA Insurance
a Currency Inconvertibility
b Expropriation
c Political Violence
d Breach of Contract
e Other Coverage
3
a Eligible Investors
b Eligible Projects
c Eligible Countries
d Political Considerations
4 Terms
a Amount of Insurance
b Cost
c Duration
d Co-Insurance
e Disputes
f Applying for MIGA Insurance
D Private Insurance
1 Background
2 Risks Covered by Private Insurance
3 Terms
E General Considerations
Part II The International Law Framework of Investment Protection and Political Risk
Ch.4 State Responsibility and Remedies Under Customary International Law
A International Law in General
B Can a Sovereign Restrict Its Future Actions?
1 In General
2 State Promises in Investor-State Contracts
a Internationalization of Investor-State Contracts
b Arguments that Investor-State Contracts Cannot Be Internationalized
C State Responsibility
1 In General
2 Acts of State Agencies
3 For Injury to Investors
D Remedies Under International Law for State Actions Against Investors
1 Remedies Available to the State
2 Remedies Available to the Investor
E Exhaustion of Local Remedies
F Nationality of Claims
1 Individuals
2 Corporations
3 Partnerships
G Immunity of States from Jurisdiction
1 The Doctrine of Restrictive Sovereign Immunity
2 Sovereign Immunity in the United States: The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
a The Waiver of Immunity Exception
b The Commercial Activity Exception
c The Expropriation Exception
3 The Act of State Doctrine
4 Sovereign Immunity in the United Kingdom
a The State Immunity Act
b Doctrine of Judicial Restraint and Abstention
Ch.5 History and Development of the Customary International Law of Expropriation and Investment Protection
A History and Sources of the Law of Expropriation
1 Expropriation and Standards of Compensation Prior to World War II
2 Challenges to the Traditional Standard
a Latin American States
b Nationalization in the Twentieth Century
c Justifications for Expropriation and the U.N. Resolutions on Permanent Sovereignty
3 Arbitral Awards After World War II
4 Treaties as Evidence of Customary International Law
5 Negotiated Settlements
B Current State of the Law of Expropriation
1 Public Purpose and Non-Discrimination
2 Compensation
a Full Compensation as Standard under International Law
b Justifications for the Full Compensation Standard
c Compensation for Illegal and Legal Expropriation
d Valuation
3 Indirect and Creeping Expropriation
4 Other Investment-Related Norms: National Treatment and the International Minimum Standard
a National Treatment
b The International Minimum Standard of Treatment
C Breach of Contract and Expropriation
Ch.6 The Substantive Law of Contemporary International Investment Protection
A Introduction
B Investment Protection Treaties
1 Bilateral Investment Treaties
2 The North American Free Trade Agreement
3 The Energy Charter Treaty
4 Other Regional Investment Treaties
a The Lomé Conventions
b Mercosur
c The ASEAN Investment Agreement
C The Substantive Protections of Investment Protection Instruments
1 No Expropriation Without Compensation
a The Standard
b Applicable Provisions
i “Standard” Text
ii What Constitutes Expropriation
iii Compensation
c Application
i Direct Expropriation
ii Indirect Expropriation: the Dominant View
iii Indirect Expropriation: the Minority View
iv Indirect Expropriation and the Permanence Requirement
2 Fair and Equitable Treatment
a The Standard
b Applicable Provisions
c Application
i The Dominant View
ii The Minority View
3 Full Protection and Security
a The Standard
b Applicable Provisions
c Application
4 Prohibition against Discrimination
a The Standard
b Applicable Provisions
i National Treatment
ii Most-Favored-Nation Treatment
iii Arbitrary and Discriminatory Measures
c Application
i National Treatment
ii Most-Favored-Nation Treatment
iii Prohibition on Arbitrary and Discriminatory Measures
5 Pacta Sunt Servanda and the “Umbrella” Clause
a The Standard
b Applicable Provisions
c The Effect of an Umbrella Clause
i The Dominant View
ii The Restrictive View
6 Repatriation of Investment-Related Funds
D Combination of Substantive Violations
E Compensation for Breach
1 Discounted Cash Flow
2 Net Book Value
3 Comparable Arm's Length Transactions
4 Arbitral Decisions
a Tangible Property
b Business Enterprises—Going Concern
c Business Enterprises—Not a Going Concern
d Comparing the Menu of Options: CME v. Czech Republic
e Equitable Considerations
F Conclusion
Part III Dispute Resolution and Political Risk
Ch.7 Establishing Arbitral Jurisdiction
A Introduction
B Contractual Arbitration
1 The Validity and Effect of an Arbitration Clause
2 Binding the Sovereign—Who Must Sign?
3 ICSID Arbitration Clauses: Special Concerns
a Disputes Subject to ICSID Jurisdiction
b Nationality and Article 25(2)(b)
C Preliminary Treaty Concerns
1 Exhaustion of Local Remedies
2 “Fork in the Road”
3 Waiting Periods
D Who May Initiate Arbitration Under Investment Protection Instruments
1 Individuals
a Treaty Provisions
b The Washington Convention
2 Corporations
3 Continuous Nationality
4 Shareholders as Investors
E What is Protected by Investment Protection Instruments
1 Overview
2 “Investment” as Defined in Treaties and Investment Laws
3 “Investment” in ICSID Arbitration
4 Problem Areas
a Pre-Investment Expenditures
b Contingent Rights
c Contract Rights
d Indirect Equity Investments
Ch.8 Arbitration Procedure
A Introduction
B A Brief Overview of Prominent Arbitration Rules
1 Ad Hoc Arbitration: The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
2 Institutional Arbitration
a International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
b The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
c LCIA
C Drafting the Arbitration Clause
1 The Scope of the Arbitral Clause
2 Pre-arbitration Procedures
3 Applicable Rules
4 Composition of Tribunal
5 Arbitral Situs
6 Rules of Evidence and Document Production
7 Applicable Substantive Law
8 Consistency Among Arbitration Clauses
D Pre-Arbitration Procedures: The Notification of a Dispute
E Request for Arbitration
F Approval by Arbitral Institution
G Default of a Party
H Appointment of Arbitrators
I Initial Session of the Tribunal
J Written Submissions
1 Statement of Claim and Statement of Defence
2 Splitting the Case into Phases
3 Written Submissions and Documentary Evidence
K Oral Argument
L Award
1 Drafting and Issuing the Award
2 Challenge of Awards
a Enforcement and Challenge in National Courts (non-ICSID Awards)
i Enforcement of Awards
ii Challenge of Awards
b Challenge by ad hoc Annulment (ICSID Awards)
Ch.9 Conciliation of Investment Disputes
A Mediation and Conciliation Defined
1 Information Gathering
2 Assessment of Positions
3 Determining Interests and Solution Building
B Potential Advantages of Conciliation
1 Costs
2 Speed of Resolution
3 Confidentiality
4 Flexibility
5 Impact on continuing business relations
C Contracting to Conciliate in Investment Disputes
1 UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules
a Overview
b Initiating Conciliation
c Managing the Process
2 The ICC ADR Rules
a Background
b Initiating the Process
c Managing the Process
3 The ICSID Conciliation Rules
a Overview
b Initiating the Process
c Managing the Process
d Experience with the ICSID Conciliation Rules
D Conciliation and Investment Treaties
E The Hybrid Practice of Mediation-Arbitration
F Choosing a Conciliator or Panel of Conciliators
1 Number of Conciliators
2 Nationality
3 Lawyer or Non-Lawyer
4 Other Characteristics
G Why Conciliation is Not More Frequently Used in Investment Disputes
1 Lack of Information about Conciliation
2 Non-Binding Nature of Conciliation
3 Over-Optimism
4 Governmental Constraints
Ch.10 Intervention of States in Investment Disputes
A Introduction
B “Espousal” of Claims
1 Formal Requirements for State Espousal
a Nationality
i Physical Persons
ii Corporations
b Exhaustion of Local Remedies
2 Informal Requirements
3 How to Seek Espousal
4 Interaction of State Espousal with Investor-State Arbitration
5 State Assistance Short of Espousal
C Claims Before International Tribunals
1 In General
2 State-to-State Dispute Resolution Under Bilateral Investment Treaties
a Overview
b Dispute Resolution Pursuant to FCN Treaties
c Dispute Resolution Pursuant to BITs
3 Dispute Resolution Procedures at the International Court of Justice
a Jurisdiction of the ICJ
b Procedure before the ICJ
c Enforcement
D Economic Sanctions
1 Freezing of Assets
2 Vesting
3 Obligation to Impose Sanctions
E Invalidation of Title
1 General Rule
2 United Kingdom
3 United States
4 Other States
5 Conclusions
F Prohibitions Against the Use of Force
1 Overview
2 The United Nations Prohibition Against the Use of Force
3 The Futility of Restitution
G The Foreign Claims Settlement Act of the United States
1 History and Purpose
2 Adjudicatory Powers
3 The Claims Process
4 Other States' Programs
Further Material
Appendices
Appendix I World Bank Guidelines
Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment
The Development Committee Recognizing
I Scope of Application
1
2
3
II Admission
1
2
3
4
5
6
III Treatment
1
2
3
(a)
(b)
4
5
6
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
7
8
9
10
IV Expropriation and Unilateral Alterations or Termination of Contracts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
V Settlement of Disputes
1
2
3
Appendix II U.S. Model Bilateral Investment Treaty
Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of [Country] Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment
Appendix III Bilateral Investment Treaties—Selected Countries
Canada
FIPAs Currently in Force
FIPAs Signed but not yet in Force
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
Russian Federation
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Appendix IV OPIC Contract of Insurance
Art.I — Subject of Insurance and Exchange of Promises.
1.01 Subject.
1
2
3
1.02 Promises.
1.03 Maximum Aggregate Compensation.
1.04 Full Faith and Credit.
1.05 Term.
1.06 Premiums and Active Amount Elections.
1.07 Underinsurance Premium Surcharge.
Art.II — Inconvertibility — Scope of Coverage.
2.01 Inconvertibility of Local Currency.
2.02 Exclusions.
Art.III — Inconvertibility — Amount of Compensation.
3.01 Rate of Compensation for Inconvertibility.
1
2
3.02 Limitation.
Art.IV — Expropriation — Scope of Coverage.
4.01
4.02 Expropriation of Funds.
4.03 Exclusions.
Art.V — Expropriation — Amount of Compensation.
5.01 Total Expropriation.
5.02 Expropriation of Funds.
5.03 Adjustments.
1
2
3
4
5
5.04 Limitations.
Art.VI — Political Violence — Scope of Coverage.
6.01 Loss Due to Political Violence.
6.02 Exclusions.
Art.VII — Political Violence — Amount of Compensation.
7.01 Basis of Compensation.
7.02 Limitations.
7.03 Investor's Share.
7.04 Book Value of Insured Investment.
(a)
(b)
7.05 Appraisal.
7.06 Estimated Compensation.
Art.VIII — Procedures.
8.01 Application for Compensation.
8.02 Assignment to OPIC.
8.03 Security.
8.04 Excess Salvage Value.
8.05 Arbitration.
8.06 Election of Active Amounts and Coverage Ceilings.
8.07 Termination.
8.08 Governing Law; Integration; Modification.
8.09 Notices.
8.10 Refund of Premiums.
Art.IX — Investor's Duties.
9.01 Duties.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
9.02 Default.
9.03 Non-Waiver.
9.04 Cure.
9.05 Execution.
Art.X— Miscellaneous.]
Appendix V OPIC Country and Areas List—Member States As of December 1, 2003
Appendix VI MIGA Contract of Guarantee for Equity Investments
Appendix VII MIGA Member States As of May 19, 2005
Industrialized Countries (22)
Developing Countries (143)
Africa:
Asia/Pacific:
Middle East / North Africa:
Europe/Central Asia:
Latin America / Caribbean:
Countries in the Process of Fulfilling Membership Requirements (5)
Africa:
Asia / Pacific:
Latin America / Caribbean:
Appendix VIII Sample Private Contract
General Terms/Conditions Section 1
Limits Of Liability
Special Terms And Conditions
Notices
Inspection And Audit
Exchange Rate
Other Insurance
Subrogation
Warranty Agreements
Recoveries
Appraisal—Waiting Period
Loss Reduction—Disputes
Claim Procedure—Negotiations
Alteration, Assignment and Waiver
Cancellation
Legal Jurisdiction
Project Insurance Section 2
Expropriatory Action Coverage
Civil War And Insurrection Coverage
Forced Project Relocation Coverage
Valuation
Special Exclusions
Accounting Standards
Partial Loss
Debt Securities
Constructive Total Loss
Waiting Period Property Damage Provisions
Forced Project Relocation Requirement
Compensation in Local Currencies
Limit of Liability, Deductible, and Coinsurance
Key Personnel Insurance
Expatriate Removal Coverage
Transit Insurance Coverage
Indigenous Key Personnel Expenses Coverage
Valuation
Special Exclusion Section 3
Limit of Liability, Deductible, and Coinsurance
Policy Exclusions Section 4
Policy Definitions Section 5
Appendix IX Berne Union Members
List of Members of International Union of Credit and Investment Insurers (The Berne Union)
Africa and the Middle East
Israel
South Africa
Turkey
Zimbabwe
Asia and the Pacific
Australia
China
Chinese Taipei
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Europe
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Latin America and the Carribean
Argentina
Bermuda
Brazil
Jamaica
Mexico
United States and Canada
Canada
United States
Multilateral Organisations
Appendix X Washington Convention
Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States
Preamble
Appendix XI ICSID Member States List of Contracting States and other Signatories of the Washington (ICSID) Convention
Appendix XII Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
s.1602 Findings and declaration of purpose
s.1603 Definitions
s.1604 Immunity of a foreign state from jurisdiction
s.1605 General exceptions to the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state
s.1606 Extent of liability
s.1607 Counterclaims
s.1608 Service; time to answer; default
s.1609 Immunity from attachment and execution of property of a foreign state
s.1610 Exceptions to the immunity from attachment or execution
s.1611 Certain types of property immune from execution
Appendix XIII New York Convention
Appendix XIV New York Convention Members As of July 2005
Appendix XV UNCITRAL Notes on Organizing Arbitral Proceedings
UNCITRAL Notes on Organizing Arbitral Proceedings
Preface
Introduction
Purpose of the Notes
1
Non-binding character of the Notes
2
3
Discretion in conduct of proceedings and usefulness of timely decisions on organizing proceedings
4
5
Multi-party arbitration
6
Process of making decisions on organizing arbitral proceedings
7
8
9
List of matters for possible consideration in organizing arbitral proceedings
10
11
12
13
List of Matters for Possible Consideration in Organizing Arbitral Proceedings
Annotations
1 Set of arbitration rules
If the parties have not agreed on a set of arbitration rules, would they wish to do so
14
15
16
2 Language of proceedings
17
(a) Possible need for translation of documents, in full or in part
18
(b) Possible need for interpretation of oral presentations
19
(c) Cost of translation and interpretation
20
3 Place of arbitration
(a) Determination of the place of arbitration, if not already agreed upon by the parties
21
22
(b) Possibility of meetings outside the place of arbitration
23
4 Administrative services that may be needed for the arbitral tribunal to carry out its functions
24
25
26
27
5 Deposits in respect of costs
(a) Amount to be deposited
28
(b) Management of deposits
29
(c) Supplementary deposits
30
6 Confidentiality of information relating to the arbitration; possible agreement thereon
31
32
7 Routing of written communications among the parties and the arbitrators
33
34
8 Telefax and other electronic means of sending documents
(a) Telefax
35
(b) Other electronic means (e.g. electronic mail and magnetic or optical disk)
36
37
9 Arrangements for the exchange of written submissions
38
(a) Scheduling of written submissions
39
40
(b) Consecutive or simultaneous submissions
41
10 Practical details concerning written submissions and evidence (e.g. method of submission, copies, numbering, references)
42
11 Defining points at issue; order of deciding issues; defining relief or remedy sought
(a) Should a list of points at issue be prepared
43
(b) In which order should the points at issue be decided
44
45
(c) Is there a need to define more precisely the relief or remedy sought
46
12 Possible settlement negotiations and their effect on scheduling proceedings
47
13 Documentary evidence
(a) Time-limits for submission of documentary evidence intended to be submitted by the parties; consequences of late submission
48
49
(b) Whether the arbitral tribunal intends to require a party to produce documentary evidence
50
51
(c) Should assertions about the origin and receipt of documents and about the correctness of photocopies be assumed as accurate
52
(d) Are the parties willing to submit jointly a single set of documentary evidence
53
(e) Should voluminous and complicated documentary evidence be presented through summaries, tabulations, charts, extracts or samples
54
14 Physical evidence other than documents
55
(a) What arrangements should be made if physical evidence will be submitted
56
(b) What arrangements should be made if an on-site inspection is necessary
57
58
15 Witnesses
59
(a) Advance notice about a witness whom a party intends to present; written witnesses' statements
60
61
62
(b) Manner of taking oral evidence of witnesses
(i) Order in which questions will be asked and the manner in which the hearing of witnesses will be conducted
63
(ii) Whether oral testimony will be given under oath or affirmation and, if so, in what form an oath or affirmation should be made
64
(iii) May witnesses be in the hearing room when they are not testifying
65
(c) The order in which the witnesses will be called
(d) Interviewing witnesses prior to their appearance at a hearing
67
(e) Hearing representatives of a party
68
16 Experts and expert witnesses
69
(a) Expert appointed by the arbitral tribunal
70
(i) The expert's terms of reference
71
(ii) The opportunity of the parties to comment on the expert's report, including by presenting expert testimony
72
(b) Expert opinion presented by a party (expert witness)
73
17 Hearings
(a) Decision whether to hold hearings
74
75
(b) Whether one period of hearings should be held or separate periods of hearings
76
(c) Setting dates for hearings
77
(d) Whether there should be a limit on the aggregate amount of time each party will have for oral arguments and questioning witnesses
78
79
(e) The order in which the parties will present their arguments and evidence
80
(f) Length of hearings
81
(g) Arrangements for a record of the hearings
82
83
(h) Whether and when the parties are permitted to submit notes summarizing their oral arguments
84
85
18 Multi-party arbitration
86
87
88
19 Possible requirements concerning filing or delivering the award
89
Who should take steps to fulfil any requirement
90
Appendix XVI UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration
Explanatory Note by the UNCITRAL Secretariat on the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration
1
2
3
A Background to the Model Law
4
1 Inadequacy of domestic laws
5
6
2 Disparity between national laws
7
8
B Salient Features of the Model Law
1 Special procedural regime for international commercial arbitration
9
a Substantive and territorial scope of application
10
11
12
13
b Delimitation of court assistance and supervision
14
15
16
2 Arbitration agreement
17
a Definition and form of arbitration agreement
18
19
b Arbitration agreement and the courts
20
21
3 Composition of arbitral tribunal
22
23
4 Jurisdiction of arbitral tribunal
a Competence to rule on own jurisdiction
24
25
b Power to order interim measures
26
5 Conduct of arbitral proceedings
27
a Fundamental procedural rights of a party
28
29
b Determination of rules of procedure
30
31
32
c Default of a party
33
34
6 Making of award and termination of proceedings
a Rules applicable to substance of dispute
35
36
b Making of award and other decisions
37
38
39
7 Recourse against award
40
a Application for setting aside as exclusive recourse
41
b Grounds for setting aside
42
43
44
8 Recognition and enforcement of awards
45
a Towards uniform treatment of all awards irrespective of country of origin
46
47
b Procedural conditions of recognition and enforcement
48
49
c Grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement
50
Appendix XVII Online Resources
General Information
Links, Bibliographies & General
International Investment
International Trade
Cases/Decisions
Treaties
UN Resolutions & International Organizations
Publications/Journals Online
Information—by Chapter
Ch.1: Political Risk
Political Risk and Related Services
Other Information
Chapter 2: Structuring Transactions to Minimize Political Risk
Ch.3: Investment Insurance
Ch.4: State Responsibility and Remedies Under Customary International Law
Ch.5: History and Development of the Customary International Law of Expropriation and Investment Protection
Ch.6: The Substantive Law of Contemporary International Investment Protection
Regional Investment Treaties and General Information
Bilateral Investment Treaties
Ch.7-9: International Arbitration and Conciliation
Ch.10: Intervention of States in Investment Disputes
Table of Authorities
Books and Articles
Treaties, Statutes and Regulatory Materials
Index
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Appendices, Appendix VII MIGA Member States As of May 19, 2005
From:
International Investment, Political Risk, and Dispute Resolution: A Practitioner's Guide
N. Stephan Kinsella, Noah D. Rubins
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Investment Claims [IC]
Published in print:
22 September 2005
ISBN:
9780379215229
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