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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Preliminary Material
Preface and Acknowledgments to the Second Edition
Preface and Acknowledgments to the First Edition
Contents
Table of Cases
Decisions of National Courts and Tribunals
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Canada
France
Germany
India
Israel
Netherlands
New Zealand
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Monopolies and Mergers Commission Reports
United States of America
Decisions of the European Court and Commission
The European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance
EC Commission Decisions
Decisions of International Courts and Tribunals
European Court and Commission of Human Rights
Inter–American Court of Human Rights
International Arbitrations
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (Decisions and Awards of ICSID Tribunals including NAFTA cases under the Additional Facility procedure)
Decisions of National Courts Concerning ICSID
International Court of Justice
OECD Committee on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises
Permanent Court of International Justice
UN Human Rights Committee
US–Iran Claims Tribunal
WTO Dispute Settlement Body (Including GATT 1947 Panel Reports)
Table of Statutes
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Colombia
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
France
Germany
Ghana
Greece
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Mauritius
Mexico
New Zealand
Nigeria
Pakistan
People's Republic of China
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Korea
Russian Federation/USSR
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Switzerland
Tanzania (including Zanzibar)
Togo
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
California
Uzbekistan
Former Yugoslavia
Zambia
Table of EC Materials
Treaties
Secondary Legislation
Communications
Guidelines and Notices
Recommendations
Reports
Table of Treaties
General
Bilateral Investment Treaties
Table of Official Publications of Governments and International Organizations
Governments
Australia
Canada
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Japan
Nigeria
United Kingdom
United States
International Organizations
Andean Common Market (ANCOM)
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD or World Bank)
International Chamber of Commerce Court of Arbitration (ICC)
International Court of Justice
International Criminal Court
International Labour Organisation
International Law Association
International Law Commission
International Law Institute
MERCOSUR
Pacific Association of Tax Administrators
Organization of American States
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
United Nations
World Trade Organisation
Abbreviations
Main Text
Part I The Conceptual Framework
1 Getting to Know Multinational Enterprises
(1) Problems of Definition
(2) The Principal Phases of MNE Growth
(a) The First Period: 1850–1914
(b) The Second Period: 1918–1939
(c) The Third Period: 1945–1990
(i) The Period of American Dominance: 1945–1960
(ii) The Period of Renewed International Competition: 1960–1990
(d) The Fourth Period: 1990 onwards
(3) Explanations for the Growth of MNEs
(4) The Role of Legal Factors in the Growth of MNEs
Concluding Remarks
2 Business and Legal Forms of Multinational Enterprise: Towards a Theory of Control
(1) MNEs as Transnational Business Organizations
(2) Legal Forms of Multinational Enterprise
(a) Contractual Forms
(i) Distribution Agreements
(ii) Production Agreements
(iii) Public Private Partnerships
(b) Equity Based Corporate Groups
(i) The Anglo–American ‘Pyramid’ Group
(ii) European Transnational Mergers
(iii) The Japanese ‘Keiretsu’
(iv) Changes in Business Organization and Effects on Equity Based Structures
(c) Joint Ventures
(d) Informal Alliances between MNEs
(e) Publicly Owned MNEs
(f) Supranational Forms of International Business
(i) Forms Adopted by the European Community
(ii) The Andean Multinational Enterprise
(iii) Public International Corporations
(3) Business and Legal Forms and the Control of MNE Activities
Concluding Remarks
3 Regulating Multinationals
(1) The Principal Actors
(2) Developing a Regulatory Agenda
(3) The Role of Ideology
(a) The Ideological ‘Building Blocks’: 1960–1990
(i) The ‘Neo–Classical Market’ Perspective
(ii) The ‘Regulated Market Perspective’
(iii) The ‘Marxist’ Perspective
(iv) The Influence of Nationalism
(b) The Influence of the Debate on ‘Globalization’
(i) Globalization and MNE Regulation
(ii) ‘Global Consumerism’
(iii) ‘International Corporate Social Responsibility’
(4) Bargaining Power, Sources and Sites of MNE Regulation
(a) Bargaining Between States and MNEs
(b) Sources of Regulatory Standards
(c) ‘Sites’ of Regulation
(i) Self–Regulation
(ii) Regulation by NGOs
(iii) National Regulation
(iv) Bilateral Regulation
(v) Regional Regulation
(vi) Multilateral Regulation
Concluding Remarks
Part II Economic Regulation by Home and Host Countries
4 The Jurisdictional Limits of Regulation Through National or Regional Law
(1) The Legal Bases for the Extraterritorial Regulation of MNEs
(a) Nationality
(b) Protective Jurisdiction
(c) Objective Territorial Jurisdiction
(2) Jurisdiction to Prescribe
(a) Nationality Links
(b) The ‘Effects’ Doctrine
(c) Links of Ownership and Control
(3) Personal Jurisdiction
(a) Establishing a Sufficient Connection Between the Forum and the Non–Resident Unit of the MNE
(i) Corporate Links Between Resident and Non–Resident Units of the MNE
(ii) Links Based on Other Business Contacts With the Forum Jurisdiction
Presence of Corporate Officers
Presence of Products Manufactured by a Non–Resident Corporation
Supply of Goods and Services Through the Internet
(b) The Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens as Applied to Non–Resident Units of MNEs
(4) Jurisdiction to Enforce
(a) The Disclosure of Evidence in Proceedings Involving a MNE
(i) Disclosure of Evidence in US Antitrust Proceedings
(ii) US Disclosure Orders and Foreign Secrecy Laws
(b) The Reduction of Conflicts over Demands for Disclosure of Evidence Located in a Foreign Jurisdiction
(i) Bilateral Cooperation
(ii) The Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters 1970
Concluding Remarks
5 The Control of Inward Investment by Host States
(1) The Scope of Host State Discretion
(2) Techniques for Restricting Entry and Establishment
(a) Total Exclusion and Sectoral Exclusion of Foreign Investors
(i) Total Exclusion
(ii) Sectoral Exclusion
(b) Laws Restricting Foreign Shareholdings in National Companies
(i) Indigenization Laws
(ii) Restrictions on Foreign Ownership in Privatized Companies
(c) Laws Regulating Equity Joint Ventures Between Foreign and Local Enterprises
(d) ‘Screening’ Laws
Concluding Remarks
6 Measures for the Encouragement of Inward Direct Investment
(1) The Encouragement of Inward Direct Investment by Host States
(a) Host States Without Specialized Controls on Inward Direct Investment
(b) Investment Incentives
(c) Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and Related ‘Policy Enclaves’ Within the Host State
(i) The Evolution of EPZs
(ii) The Principal Legal and Administrative Features of EPZs in Developing Host States
(iii) The Performance of EPZs
(iv) The Chinese ‘Special Economic Zone’ Policy
(2) Bilateral and Regional Measures for the Encouragement of Direct Investment
(a) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
(b) The European Internal Market
(3) Multilateral Arrangements Dismantling Barriers to Inward Investment
(a) The OECD Codes of Liberalization
(b) Direct Investment and the WTO Agreements
(i) Services
(ii) Trade–Related Intellectual Property Measures (TRIPs)
(iii) Trade–Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
Concluding Remarks
7 Taxation Problems Associated with MNEs
(1) International Double Taxation and MNEs
(2) Location of Investments and Tax Considerations
(3) Tax Avoidance and MNEs
(a) The ‘Transfer Pricing’ Problem
(i) Establishing Transfer Prices in MNE Networks
(ii) Incentives, Disincentives and Empirical Evidence for Transfer Price Manipulations
(iii) The Regulation of Transfer Price Manipulations: Arm's Length and Comparable Profit Methods (CPM)
(iv) Problems Relating to the Administration of Transfer Pricing Controls Using the Arm's Length Standard
(v) Formula Apportionment
(b) The Use of ‘Tax Havens’ by MNEs
Concluding Remarks
8 Group Liability and Directors' Duties
(1) The Regulation of MNE Group Liability Under Existing Legal Principles
(a) Equity Based MNE Groups
(i) Direct Liability of the Parent Company
(ii) Lifting the Corporate Veil
(b) Liability of Transnational Network Enterprises
(2) New Approaches to MNE Group Liability
(a) The ‘Enterprise Entity’ Theory and its Limitations
(b) Towards a New Law of MNE Group Liability?
(3) The Protection of Minority Shareholders in the Subsidiary of a MNE
(4) Protection of Creditors Upon the Insolvency of the Subsidiary of a MNE
Concluding Remarks
9 Corporate Governance and Disclosure
(1) Principal Motives and Interests Behind Enhanced MNE Accountability and Disclosure
(2) Reforming the Internal Governance Structures of MNEs
(a) The Use of Outside or Non–Executive Directors
(b) Enhanced External Regulation of the Auditing Function
(c) European Initiatives for Employee Consultation and Information
(3) Disclosure by MNEs in Annual Accounts and Other Statements
(a) Consolidated Financial Statements
(b) Segmental Disclosure
(c) Social Disclosure
(i) Employee Disclosure
(ii) Value–Added Statements
(iii) Environmental Disclosure
(d) Foreign Currency Translation
Concluding Remarks
10 Regulation Through Competition Law
(1) The Nature and Aims of Competition Regulation
(2) The Incidence of Anti–Competitive Conduct on the Part of MNEs and Regulatory Responses
(a) Anti–Competitive Agreements and Concerted Practices
(i) International Cartels
(ii) Vertical International Distribution Systems
(iii) Joint Ventures
(b) ‘Abuse of a Dominant Position’ or ‘Monopolization’
(c) Mergers and Acquisitions
(3) International Developments in the Regulation of Restrictive Business Practices
Concluding Remarks
11 Technology Transfer
(1) ‘Technology’ and ‘Technology Transfer’
(2) The Generation and Use of Technology: International Technology Markets
(3) Technology Transfer by MNEs and its Legal Effects
(4) The Two Principal Models of Technology Transfer Regulation
(a) The Regulatory Control Model
(i) Reserved Approach to the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
(ii) Specialized Technology Transfer Laws
(iii) The Draft UNCTAD Code on the Transfer of Technology
(b) The Market Based Development Model
(i) IPR Protection and Technology Transfer
(ii) The Role of Competition Regulation
(iii) ‘Permissive’ Regulation
(iv) Mandatory IPR Regulation
Concluding Remarks
Part III The Social Dimension
12 Labour Relations
(1) The Evolution of the ILO and OECD Codes
(2) General Policies of the Codes and Their Relationship to National Laws
(3) Employment Issues
(a) Employment Promotion
(b) Equality of Opportunity and Treatment
(c) Security of Employment
(4) Training of Workers
(5) Conditions of Work and Life
(a) Wages, Benefits, and Conditions of Work
(b) Minimum Age
(c) Safety and Health
(6) Industrial Relations
(a) Freedom of Association and the Right to Organize
(b) Collective Bargaining and Consultation
(c) Examination of Grievances and Settlement of Industrial Disputes
Concluding Remarks
13 Human Rights and Multinational Enterprises
(1) Human Rights and the Protection of MNEs
(2) The Basis of Human Rights Obligations for MNEs
(3) The Major Substantive Human Rights Obligations of MNEs
(4) Monitoring and Enforcement
(a) The National Level
(b) The Inter–Governmental Level
Concluding Remarks
14 Environmental Issues
(1) Core Concepts
(a) Sustainable Development
(b) Environmental Protection
(i) The ‘Precautionary’ Principle
(ii) The ‘Preventive’ Principle
(iii) The ‘Polluter Pays’ Principle
(2) Environmental Regulation of MNEs
(a) Main Themes and Issues
(b) Informal Regulation
(i) Corporate Self–Regulation
(ii) ‘Civil’ Regulation
(c) Formal Regulation
(i) National and Regional Regulation
(ii) International Regulation
Concluding Remarks
Part IV International Regulation
15 Control of Investment Risks I: Contractual Stability, Renegotiation, Taking of Property, and Investment Guarantees
(1) The Restriction of State Sovereignty in the Field of Contractual Relations with Foreign Investors
(a) The ‘Internationalization’ of International Investment Agreements
(b) Sanctity of Contract and Stabilization Clauses
(2) Renegotiation of International Investment Agreements
(3) The Taking of Foreign Corporate Assets
(a) What Constitutes a Taking
(b) The Legality of Takings Under the Law of the Host State
(c) The Legality of Takings at International Law
(d) The Issue of Compensation
(i) The Valuation of Expropriated Property
(ii) The Measure of Compensation
(iii) Settlement of Claims Through Lump Sum Agreements
(4) Investment Guarantee Schemes
Concluding Remarks
16 Control of Investment Risks II: Non–Discrimination, Fair and Equitable Treatment, and Full Protection and Security
(1) National Treatment
(2) Most Favoured Nation Treatment
(3) Fair and Equitable Treatment
(4) Full Protection and Security
(5) Compensation in Cases Other Than Expropriation
Concluding Remarks
17 The Codification of International Standards For the Treatment of Foreign Investors
(1) The Development of International Standards
(a) The Andean Common Market (ANCOM)
(b) The OECD Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises
(c) The Draft UN Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations
(d) The Contribution of the World Bank: The 1992 Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment and Standard Setting by MIGA
(e) The Failure of Recent Initiatives to Adopt Multilateral Investment Rules
(2) The Content of International Investment Agreements
(a) Preamble
(b) Provisions Defining the Scope of Application of the Treaty
(i) Subject–Matter Covered
Definition of ‘Investments’ to Which the IIA Applies
The Admission of Investments
Applicability to Investments Made Prior to the Conclusion of the Treaty
(ii) Covered Persons and Entities
(iii) Territorial Application
(iv) Temporal Application
(c) Standards of Treatment
(i) General Standards of Treatment
Fair and Equitable Treatment
National Treatment
Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Standard
The Observance of Obligations
(ii) Specific Standards of Treatment
Free Transfer of Payments
Compensation for Losses Due to Armed Conflict or Internal Disorder
Compensation for Expropriation
Other Specific Standards
(d) Dispute Settlement Clauses
(i) Disputes Between the Contracting Parties
(ii) Disputes Between the Host State and the Foreign Investor
(3) The Effect of IIAs in the National Legal Systems of the Parties
Concluding Remarks
18 The Settlement of International Investment Disputes
(1) The Limitations of Traditional International Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in MNE/Host State Relations
(2) Alternatives to Diplomatic Protection: International Dispute Settlement Mechanisms Involving the MNE and Host State
(a) Ad Hoc Arbitration and Conciliation
(b) Institutional Systems for International Dispute Settlement
(i) The ICC Court of Arbitration
(ii) NAFTA
(iii) Energy Charter Treaty
(iv) MERCOSUR
(v) ASEAN
(3) The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
(a) The Aims of ICSID
(b) The ICSID Convention and Its Effect on State Regulation of Investment Disputes
(i) The Contracting State's Ability to Control Jurisdiction
(ii) Subject–Matter Jurisdiction
(iii) The Delocalized Character of ICSID Arbitration
(iv) Annulment of Tribunal Awards
(v) Enforcement of ICSID Awards
(vi) Procedure and Costs
Concluding Remarks
Further Material
Index
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Table of Treaties
From:
Multinational Enterprises & the Law (2nd Edition)
Peter T Muchlinski
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Investment Claims [IC]
Series:
Oxford International Law Library
Published in print:
12 July 2007
ISBN:
9780199227969
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