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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Series Editor’s Preface
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Table of Cases
Domestic Awards and Decisions
Germany
Ireland
Italy
The Netherlands
United Kingdom
United States
European Union
International
European Court of Human Rights
International Court of Justice
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
Permanent Court of International Justice
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
World Trade Organization
International Arbitral Awards and Decisions
Table of Legislation
International Legal Instruments
Domestic Laws and Statutes
France
Germany
Italy
The Netherlands
Philippines
Portugal
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
List of Abbreviations
Main Text
1 Introducing Good Faith in International Investment Law
Preliminary Material
1.01
1.02
A Good Faith and Its Use in International Investment Law
1.03
1 Modes of application
1.04
1.05
1.06
2 Timing and the application of good faith
1.07
1.08
1.09
B Investment Arbitration
1.10
1.11
1 The system of investment law
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
2 Public and private international law
1.17
1.18
1.19
C Positioning Good Faith in International Law and Investment Arbitration
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1 Rule versus principle
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
2 Relationship to related doctrines
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
D The Various Forms of Good Faith
1.36
1.37
1.38
1 Performance obligation
1.39
1.40
2 Interpretative function
1.41
a) Gap-filling function
1.42
1.43
b) Legitimizing/balancing function
1.44
1.45
c) Connecting function
1.46
1.47
1.48
3 Other elements of good faith
a) Good faith as a moral principle
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
b) Law and language
1.53
1.54
E Organization and Scope of the Study
1 Methodology
a) Previous scholarship on good faith
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
b) Method of analysis
1.63
1.64
1.65
2 Chapter organization
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
2 Defining Good Faith
Preliminary Material
2.01
2.02
2.03
A Historically Framing Good Faith
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
B The Problems with a Definition
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
C International Law
2.18
2.19
1 Public international law
2.20
a) Treaty interpretation
2.21
2.22
2.23
i) Behavioural good faith
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
ii) Interpretative good faith
2.29
2.30
2.31
b) United Nations Charter
2.32
2.33
i) UN Charter Article 2.2
2.34
2.35
ii) UN General Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXV)
2.36
2.37
2.38
c) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2.39
2.40
2.41
d) ICJ Jurisprudence
2.42
2.43
i) Procedural good faith
2.44
2.45
ii) Substantive good faith
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
e) WTO
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2 Private international law
a) UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)
2.56
2.57
b) CISG
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
c) European Union law
i) Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), Article 1:201(1)
2.62
ii) Common European Sales Law
2.63
iii) Introduction of good faith in English law through European law
2.64
3 Lex mercatoria
2.65
2.66
D Domestic legal systems
2.67
2.68
1 Common law
a) US law
2.69
2.70
2.71
i) Uniform Commercial Code
2.72
2.73
ii) Restatement of the Law Second, Contracts § 205
2.74
iii) Controversy of defining good faith in US law
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.81
b) Other common laws
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2 Civil law
2.89
a) German law
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
b) French law
2.94
c) Italian law
2.95
2.96
2.97
d) Other civil laws
2.98
3 Other laws
2.99
2.100
E Conclusions
1 The convergence of understandings: honesty and fairness
2.101
2.102
2.103
2 Lack of definition: benefits and problems
2.104
2.105
2.106
2.107
2.108
2.109
2.110
2.111
3 Good faith in investment arbitration
2.112
2.113
2.114
3 Good Faith and Treaty Shopping: Timing, Piercing the Corporate Veil, and Issues of Nationality
Preliminary Material
3.01
3.02
3.03
A Good Faith in the Jurisdictional Phase
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
1 Chapter approach
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
2 Tribunal’s competence-competence
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3 Examination of jurisdiction by a tribunal
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
B Defining Nationality
1 Basis in international law
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
2 Investment decisions on nationality
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
C Treaty Shopping
3.39
3.40
3.41
1 International treaty-shopping rules
3.42
3.43
2 Domestic treaty-shopping measures
a) US treaty-shopping and forum-shopping measures
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
b) German treaty-shopping measures
3.49
3.50
D Investment Arbitration Cases and Treaty Shopping
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
1 Pre-dispute organization
3.56
a) Tokios Tokelés v Ukraine
3.57
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
b) Autopista Concesionada de Venezuela v Venezuela
3.63
c) Rompetrol v Romania
3.64
3.65
d) TSA v Argentina
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
e) Perenco Ecuador Ltd v Ecuador
3.71
3.72
3.73
f) Philip Morris v Australia
3.74
3.75
3.76
2 Post-dispute manoeuvring
3.77
a) Phoenix v Czech Republic
3.78
3.79
3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.85
3.86
3.87
3.88
b) Mobil v Venezuela
3.89
3.90
3.91
3.92
3.93
3.94
3.95
3.96
c) Libananco v Turkey
3.97
3.98
3.99
3.100
d) Aguas del Tunari v Bolivia
3.101
3.102
3.103
3.104
3.105
3.106
3.107
e) ADC v Hungary
3.108
f) Saluka v the Czech Republic
3.109
3.110
3.111
3.112
3.113
g) ST-AD GmbH (Germany) v The Republic of Bulgaria
3.114
3.115
h) Renée Rose Levy and Gremcitel v Republic of Peru
3.116
E Forum Selection in Good Faith in the European Union: Intra-EU Disputes
3.117
3.118
3.119
3.120
3.121
3.122
F Analysis: The Interplay of Good-Faith Considerations in Treaty-Shopping Allegations
3.123
3.124
3.125
3.126
1 Behaviour that indicates (lack of) good faith
3.127
3.128
3.129
3.130
3.131
3.132
3.133
3.134
a) Issues of timing
3.135
3.136
3.137
b) Complexity of organization
3.138
3.139
3.140
3.141
3.142
3.143
3.144
3.145
3.146
3.147
3.148
3.149
2 Issues of fairness and fair trial
3.150
3.151
3.152
3 Legitimate expectations
3.153
a) Unexpected investment arbitration proceedings
3.154
b) Ultimate purpose of treaty arbitration
3.155
3.156
3.157
3.158
3.159
4 Relying on good faith
3.160
3.161
3.162
4 Securing and Maintaining the Investment: Implicit Good-Faith Requirements in the Definition of Investment
Preliminary Material
4.01
4.02
A Securing and Maintaining the Investment
4.03
4.04
B Definition of Investment
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
1 Expansive protection under the BIT
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
2 Restrictive BITs
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
C Securing the Investment
4.34
1 Corruption allegations in securing the investment
4.35
4.36
4.37
a) ICC Case No 1110
4.38
4.39
4.40
b) World Duty Free v Kenya
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
c) Inceysa v El Salvador
4.45
4.46
4.47
d) Niko Resources v Petrobangla, Bapex and Bangladesh
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.51
2 Definition of investment in the securing phase
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
a) Salini Test
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
b) Phoenix v Czech Republic
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
c) Fakes v Republic of Turkey
4.65
4.66
4.67
d) Millicom International Operations BV and Sentel GSM SA v Republic of Senegal
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74
e) Quiborax SA et al v Plurinational State of Bolivia
4.75
4.76
f) Metal-Tech v Uzbekistan
4.77
4.78
D Maintaining the Investment
4.79
4.80
4.81
1 Fraport v Philippines
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
2 Hamester v Ghana
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
3 SAUR International SA v Republic of Argentina
4.94
E Analysis
4.95
4.96
4.97
1 Impact of good faith on the definition of investment
4.98
4.99
a) Benefits of incorporating good faith into the requirement of investment
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
4.104
b) Disadvantages of incorporating good faith into the requirement of investment
4.105
i) Legitimate expectations
4.106
4.107
ii) Investment arbitration as a privilege
4.108
iii) Difficulty of dealing with criminal matters in an arbitral context
4.109
4.110
4.111
2 Weighing and balancing
4.112
5 Preconditions to Arbitration: Express and Implied Requirements of Good Faith
Preliminary Material
5.01
5.02
A Admissibility
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09
B Local Remedies
5.10
1 Exhaustion of local remedies
5.11
a) Calvo doctrine
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
b) ICJ
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
c) ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States
5.22
d) WTO law
5.23
e) Exceptions to the requirement in international law
5.24
2 Investment arbitration
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
a) Hochtief v Argentina
5.33
5.34
b) Loewen Group, Inc v the United States
5.35
c) Omer Dede and Serdar Elhuseyni v Romania
5.36
5.37
d) BG Group PLC v the Republic of Argentina
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
e) Elimination of waiting period through MFN clause
5.43
C Good-Faith Negotiation
1 International law
5.44
5.45
2 Notable national laws
5.46
3 Pre-submission consultations
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
D Power of Language and Silence
5.56
5.57
E Conclusions
5.58
5.59
5.60
6 Parallel Proceedings: The Disregard of Procedural Good Faith by Using Multiple Forums of Dispute Resolution
Preliminary Material
6.01
6.02
A Relationship between Courts and Tribunals
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
1 General control of the tribunal over accepting jurisdiction
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
2 Parallel proceedings and the relevance of good faith
6.17
B Parallel Proceedings
1 Defining parallel proceedings
6.18
2 Problems with parallel proceedings in investment arbitration
6.19
6.20
3 Reasons for initiating parallel proceedings
6.21
6.22
6.23
4 Regulating the use of competing forums
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
5 International law
a) Public international law
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
b) Private international law
i) New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
6.36
6.37
6.38
ii) Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreement
6.39
c) European Union
6.40
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.44
6.45
C Investment Arbitration Cases
6.46
6.47
6.48
6.49
6.50
6.51
6.52
6.53
1 Separate contract or concession agreement
a) SGS decisions
6.54
6.55
6.56
6.57
6.58
6.59
b) Vivendi
6.60
c) Klöckner v Cameroon
6.61
6.62
6.63
d) Bayindir v Pakistan
6.64
e) Benvenuti v the Republic of Congo
6.65
2 Concurrent arbitral proceedings
6.66
6.67
6.68
6.69
6.70
6.71
6.72
6.73
6.74
3 Parallel court proceedings
a) LETCO v Liberia
6.75
6.76
b) Rompetrol v Romania
6.77
c) Amto v Ukraine
6.78
6.79
d) Vattenfall v Germany
6.80
6.81
6.82
E Intra-EU Disputes
6.83
6.84
6.85
6.86
F Ultimate Relevance of Good Faith
6.87
6.88
6.89
6.90
6.91
6.92
6.93
7 Good-Faith Standards for Evidence
Preliminary Material
7.01
7.02
7.03
A The Tribunal’s Discretion
7.04
7.05
B Evidence and the Fair Trial
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
1 Domestic rules of evidence
7.20
a) Common law tradition of evidence
7.21
b) Civil law tradition of evidence
7.22
2 International rules and requirements for evidence
7.23
a) Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
b) WTO
7.28
7.29
7.30
3 Investment arbitration and evidence
7.31
7.32
7.33
a) IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
b) ICSID
7.38
c) UNCITRAL
7.39
7.40
d) Conclusions on arbitration rules on evidence
7.41
C Collection and Submission in Good Faith
7.42
1 Methanex v United States
7.43
7.44
2 EDF v Romania
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49
7.50
7.51
3 Renée Rose Levy and Gremcitel v Republic of Peru
7.52
D Use of Witnesses
7.53
1 Expert witnesses
7.54
7.55
7.56
7.57
7.58
2 Witness statements and preparation of witnesses for oral hearing
7.59
E Good Faith and Filling Due Process Gaps
7.60
7.61
8 Expropriation and its Relationship With Good Faith
Preliminary Material
8.01
8.02
A Origins of Expropriation Protection
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
B Expropriation
8.08
8.09
8.10
1 Expropriation provisions
8.11
a) Language of basic expropriation provisions
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
b) Emphasis on due process
8.18
8.19
8.20
c) Indirect expropriation
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
2 Requirements to negotiate compensation in good faith
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
3 Exceptions to expropriation
8.34
8.35
8.36
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
C Benefits of the Interplay between Expropriation and Good Faith
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.48
8.49
9 Fair and Equitable Treatment and Good Faith: Nourishing Rights and the Investor-State System
Preliminary Material
9.01
9.02
A Standards of Treatment and Interpretation
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07
9.08
B Fair and Equitable Treatment at the Heart of Investment Protection
9.09
1 Development of fair and equitable treatment in international investment agreements
9.10
9.11
9.12
2 The application of good faith in the FET analysis
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
a) FET and bad faith
9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
b) FET as acting in good faith
9.24
c) Finding a compromise on the spectrum?
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
d) Usefulness of applying good faith to the FET standard
9.29
9.30
3 FET and good faith in building international investment law
9.31
9.32
a) Importance of ambiguity
9.33
9.34
b) Good faith as a beacon in decisions
9.35
9.36
9.37
C Conclusion
9.38
10 Good Faith as a Defence on the Merits
Preliminary Material
10.01
10.02
A Balancing Rights and Obligations
10.03
10.04
B Defences
10.05
10.06
10.07
1 Economic crisis
10.08
10.09
2 Human rights
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
3 Environmental issues
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
C Counterclaims
10.21
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
D Clean Hands
10.27
10.28
10.29
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.33
10.34
E Abuse of Rights
10.35
10.36
10.37
10.38
10.39
10.40
F Estoppel
10.41
G Future Relevance of Good Faith for States’ Positions
10.42
10.43
11 Actions By and to the Actors: Protecting Procedural Integrity with Good Faith
Preliminary Material
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
A Intimidation and the Correct Forum
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.11
B Arbitrators’ Good-Faith Behaviour
11.12
1 Legal instruments for ensuring arbitrators’ protection and behaviour
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
2 Assumption of dual roles
11.19
11.20
3 Diversity of the tribunal
11.21
C Regulating Counsel Behaviour in Good Faith
11.22
11.23
11.24
11.25
1 Conflict of interest
11.26
11.27
11.28
11.29
2 Treatment of involved parties
11.30
11.31
11.32
11.33
D Expert Witnesses
11.34
11.35
11.36
E Witnesses: Domestic and International Laws
11.37
1 Relevant laws for witness protection
a) Domestic laws
11.38
11.39
b) International law
11.40
11.41
11.42
11.43
11.44
c) Investment arbitration rules for witness protection
11.45
11.46
11.47
2 Investment arbitration cases
11.48
11.49
11.50
a) Fuchs v Georgia
11.51
b) Libananco v Turkey
11.52
11.53
11.54
11.55
11.56
11.57
11.58
c) EDF v Romania
11.59
11.60
11.61
11.62
d) Quiborax v Bolivia
11.63
11.64
11.65
11.66
e) Teinver SA, Transportes de Cercanias SA and Autobuses Urbanos del Sur SA v the Argentine Republic
11.67
11.68
11.69
f) Metal-Tech v Uzbekistan
11.70
3 Analysis
11.71
11.72
11.73
a) What constitutes intimidation in bad faith?
11.74
b) What sanctions are available to the tribunals?
11.75
11.76
c) Incorporation of good faith into regulating the treatment of witnesses
11.77
F Third Parties
11.78
1 Funding
11.79
11.80
11.81
2 Amicus curiae submissions
11.82
11.83
G Conclusion
11.84
11.85
12 Good (Bad)-Faith Conduct and its Implications in the Allocation of Costs in International Investment Arbitration
Preliminary Material
12.01
A Inconsistency of Cost Allocation
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
B Calculation of Costs and Fees: Allocation Methods
1 Chorzów Factory Case
12.07
12.08
12.09
2 Methods of cost and fee allocation
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
a) Public international law doctrine on cost and fee calculation
12.14
12.15
12.16
b) Private international law doctrine on cost and fee calculation
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.20
C Cost Calculation in Investment Arbitration
1 Rules for allocating costs
a) UNCITRAL
12.21
b) ICSID
12.22
12.23
12.24
2 Cost calculation by tribunals
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
a) Tribunals maintaining the 50:50 allocation
12.30
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.34
12.35
12.36
b) Tribunals applying ‘costs follow the event’
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
12.41
12.42
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
12.47
12.48
D Good (Bad)-Faith Behaviour in Cost Decisions
12.49
1 Good faith as a justification
12.50
12.51
12.52
2 Sanctioning bad-faith behaviour
12.53
12.54
12.55
E Conclusion
12.56
13 Conclusions on the Relevance of Good Faith to the Integrity of the Investment Arbitration Regime
Preliminary Material
13.01
A Tribunals’ Purposes for Applying Good Faith
1 Filling language gaps
13.02
2 Balancing: protecting host state values
13.03
13.04
3 Recognizing the relationship between public international law and investment arbitration
13.05
4 Legitimizing role
13.06
13.07
13.08
B Impact on the Investment Arbitration Regime
13.09
13.10
C Connections
13.11
13.12
D The Necessity of Good Faith
13.13
Further Material
Other Literature
Index
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Table of Legislation
From:
Good Faith in International Investment Arbitration
Emily Sipiorski
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Investment Claims [IC]
Series:
Oxford International Arbitration Series
Published in print:
28 February 2019
ISBN:
9780198826446
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